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…If the Tregami word should be related, we would have to assume weṣ< we-kṣ-.…

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…At the beginning of the fairy tale, we would therefore expect a sentence like this in Kalasha: e wāmeba…

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…and the local discourse.4 If any better name will be proposed, so much the better: the only point is, we…

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…When we compare the two Nuristani versions, we will find that the character of the protagonists is fundamentally…

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…Morgenstierne’s informant, allegedly from Gambir, shows at least one feature which looks different from what we…

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…In an ideal world, we would also like shared phonemic mergers to be verifiably ancient, which may be…

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…recontextualized findings from my ongoing study on Nuristani historical phonology. 1 Distinguishing Nuristani When we…

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…case suffixes -i and -iw. (4.a) aŋa ri ósti söw trẽ ó-ka I PTCL get.up.CVB all three.OBL.PL up-do.CVB we-y…

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…kané žus kē y-al-émiš “We’ll fetch grass for his/ her (= your, the sheep’s) children”, in both cases we…

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…In the Tregami story the “wolf” is represented by a leopard, and instead of “kids” we find lambs.…

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…with consonants, and would require a careful and detailed phonological analysis of many languages that we…

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…We are told that Mandi puts sun and moon on his shoulders and mounts his horse.…

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…But within this larger zone we can distinguish smaller sub-areas with their own characteristics (cf.…

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…This is a stong conceptual parallel to what we can see in the case of Prasun ċā.…

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…In the word for ‘eye’ we find a retroflex affricate in Shina which corresponds to the OIA cluster kṣ.…

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…Advances in the historical phonology of the Nuristani languages 123 We thus find that the areal presence…

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…This is why we have adopted the name “Peristan”, which has by 2 These maps were originally published…

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…When we think of civilization, we think of something complex and sophisticated.…

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…Still we can clearly recognize typical Peristani traits in the earliest ethnographical notes we have…

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…For example, in Kalasha from nášik ‘to die’, we have a-náš-au ‘he/she/it died’, and in Khowar from brik…

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…For example, in Kalasha from nášik ‘to die’, we have a-náš-au ‘he/she/it died’, and in Khowar from brik…

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…0.020) vd dʑ S, HK S, HK S, HK S, HK BD, HK 83 (0.015) 28 (0.018) 3 (0.003) 32 (0.017) 40 (0.006) If we…

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…Instead we find no reflex at all of the *-ǵ-, which is easily explainable as a result of a dropping of…

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…postpositions pa, pu, ater, -akan, -ṛa, -mili, -ba (2) case suffixes -iw, -i (3) local adverbs pa, pey(w), pu, we…

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…thi áan, badhá-ik baṣ. sheep wooly become.CP be.ANIM.PRES shear-INF NEC ‘The sheep have become wooly; we…

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…cases their form is quite conservative.14 Especially the vowel developments are often closer to what we…

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…If we count the total number of affricates, they vary between four and six.…

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…Elena Bashir 42 experiencer/agent is absent, we find this causative construction, as in examples (36)…

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…in-stable from DEM evening-tip-ABL goat.kid péṣ-al-a gómiš. search-AGN-M go.PRET-1PL ‘From the stable we…

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…If we turn from Strand’s (2001a) arguments to the criterion of the innovative phonemic mergers explained…

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…one portion of the Tregâmi population came from Kâta-varispeaking Ktivi in central Nuristân”.21 Yet we…

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…two Prasun lexemes noted earlier by Morgenstierne.69 The first one is rasik ‘bunch of grapes’, which we…

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…The Ashkun clause in (6)d is one of the diagnostic clauses, and it is indeed the OX order we find here…

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…aspect of overlapping linguistic zones surfaces, as some of the Iranian languages of the region, and, as we…

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…We can only say that it is possible that “in pre-Islamic times when Pašaī was a language representing…

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…In this specific case we are dealing with the following equivalence of PIE etymon variants (N.B.…

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…In the following section, we will focus on the Kalasha case suffixes -iw and -i and their allomorphs…

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…As we have seen, the locative and ablative case suffixes are frequently used on their own, but they may…

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…There are of course the spatial morphemes, like war ‘up the valley’, we(y) ‘toward the speaker’ and pu…

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…We relied on his insightful, concise presentations of his research (1929, 1934, 1949, 1952, 1954) as…

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…time-OBL Nuristan-GEN people ignorance-OBL be.PST-3PL au ama-na lama-na sumi xalek-a mari-daru-n and we-GEN…

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…PRN-ValQuestSM:015) b. asə kijur-luw-an ʑitɕi aːblijo-mtɕa. 1PL.NOM child-PL-OBL.PL book give.PST-1PL ‘We…

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…A protruded jaw typically signals assertion or even belligerence, although we would not want to ascribe…

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…Another – presumably also modal – particle which is used in questions is -dä: dīg-dä “shall we go?”…

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…Thus, we find ga-méṣ/meṣ gak ‘buffalo’ < OIA mahiṣa-; ḷíik ‘to lick’ ~ OIA lih-; dhú-ik ‘to give milk…

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…At the same time, we must also bear it in mind that archaeological considerations suggest a more recent…

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…wár-kaċ-i ye DEM.OBL.PL-POSTP PTCL line put-CVB upvalley-look-CVB and bér-kaċ-i dum-aṭí-a-ṛa kā́ṇ-i we-s-át…

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…If we limit ourselves to the more immediate surrounding highland region, encompassing northeastern Afghanistan…

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…attempts at explaining the Nuristani reflexes were based on a limited set of examples, and fortunately, we…

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…Kālog-LOC PTCL a cabin inside stay-IMPERFII-1PL ‘On Kālog we lived in a cabin.’…

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…(BSHw-ValQuestAU:037) In the following global and areal comparison, we will limit ourselves to alignment…

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…Comparing only Khowar and Kalasha, we find that some phonological and morphological characteristics are…

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…So far, we have evidence for its classifier use only from Prasun and Kati, and no such function has been…

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…Other mentions of this motif are found in Jettmar (1974): “Many 23 We see this happening with the Urdu…

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…oblique pronoun from IA, and later its first and second person plural pronoun spā from Khowar ispá ‘we…

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…To the latter category we may count e.g., the weakening or disappearance of inherited sex-based gender…

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…Now we also have Kati (Kamviri) inrʹaṣ and (katavari) idrʹić (recorded by Strand 2011a, 2011b). 72 Cabolov…

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…*ami > ämi ‘we’, CNur. *aŋgâr-ik > ãgärik ‘charcoal’, CNur. *au-i > äv ‘large flatbread’, CNur.…

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…ǰalǝ ṭǝ in the water, there is a tree Finally, if ṭa is more than just an accidental variety of ṭǝ, we…

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…Nuristani in its areal and typological context 243 While we do not have reliable global data relating…

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…Degener], also Degener 1998); my own results are still trickling out (Strand 1973, 1985, 1997–present).1 We…

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…, but there is K gar“to take, fetch”. (10) There is no doubt that was means “day”, not “evening” as we…

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…In the Kikkuli treatise we find corresponding to OIA vāhanasya ‘of the vehicle’…

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…We therefore do not know much about when the aspiration contrast was lost in these languages.…

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…sex-based one, basically forming a four-gender system (which is not altogether different from what we…

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…We will have reason to return to the retroflex affricates in Section 3.3.…

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…around 1840, two elders of Kamdesh, Halu Tak and Shayok Shamlar, thus described their political system: “We…

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…And way back in time we have the notice by Curtius Rufus (McCrindle 1896: 192–193) about the people of…